Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer globally, claiming nearly 1 million lives each year. The overexpression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (FGFRs) signaling cascade has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and poor prognosis in HCC. Therefore, targeted inhibition of the FGF/FGFR cascade may represent a new treatment strategy for HCC patients. HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were implanted into either severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) or CD34+hu-NSG (humanized) mice and subsequently treated with vehicle, infigratinib (FGFR1-3 inhibitor), FGF401 (FGFR4 inhibitor), or the combination of infigratinib and FGF401. Tumor progressions, overall survival of mice, lung metastasis, and drug resistance were monitored, and samples collected at the end of the treatment cycle were subjected to Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. HCC PDX models expressing high levels of FGF19/FGFR4 or FGFR2/3 showed favorable initial treatment response to FGF401 and infigratinib, respectively. However, progressive disease due to acquired resistance was observed. Combination infigratinib/FGF401 augmented the antitumor activity, response rate, and overall survival of mice. This combination significantly increased the infiltration of B cells, macrophages, CD8+ T cells, and CD4+ T cells associated with granzyme-B-mediated apoptosis, delayed onset of resistance, and inhibited metastasis by potently inhibiting several critical signaling pathways involved in proliferation and metastasis. Our findings suggest that HCC patients with high FGFR2/3 or FGF19/FGFR4 expressing tumors might benefit from a combination infigratinib/FGF401; thus, supporting its evaluation in clinical trials.
Highlights
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is amongst the five most common cancers globally, with nearly 1 million new cases diagnosed annually [1]
Combination infigratinib/FGF401 augmented the antitumor activity, response rate, and overall survival of mice. This combination significantly increased the infiltration of B-cells, macrophages, CD8 + T-cells, and CD4 + T-cells associated with granzyme-B mediated apoptosis, delayed onset of resistance, and inhibited metastasis by potently inhibiting several critical signaling pathways involved in proliferation and metastasis
Our findings suggest that HCC patients with high FGFR2/3 or FGF19/FGFR4 expressing tumors might benefit from a combination infigratinib/FGF401, supporting its evaluation in clinical trials
Summary
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is amongst the five most common cancers globally, with nearly 1 million new cases diagnosed annually [1]. Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR)-2/3 has been associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, propensity for distant recurrence, poorly differentiated tumor, and poor prognosis in advanced HCC [3, 4]. FGFR4 knockout prevented transgenic mice with exogenous FGF19 expression from developing tumors. These studies suggest the involvement of FGF19/FGFR4 and FGFR2/3 in the pathogenesis of HCC and provide a strong rationale for combined targeting FGF19/FGFR-4 and FGFR2/3 in HCC patients with FGFR-dependent tumors [9, 10]. Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (FGFRs) signaling cascade has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and poor prognosis in HCC. Targeted inhibition of the FGF/FGFR cascade may represent a new treatment strategy for HCC patients
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