Abstract
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the stock of Norwegian spring‐spawning herring were observed in their wintering area off the northwest coast of Norway in November 2009. The volume backscattering coefficient sV was measured with the Simrad EK60/38‐kHz scientific echo sounder, yielding numerical values of fish density ρ through the fundamental equation of echo integration sV = ρσ, where ρ is the mean backscattering cross section of the ensonified fish. Derived values of ρ were used to convert measurements of sV made with the Kongsberg TOPAS PS18 parametric sub‐bottom profiling sonar to infer σ, thence its logarithmic measure target strength, over the approximate difference‐frequency band 1.5–6 kHz. [Work supported by ONR Award No. N000140910482 and Norwegian Research Council Grant No. 184705.]
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