TANVEER: Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing for IoT-Enabled Acoustic Sensor and Actor Networks (I-ASANs).

Umar Draz,Witold Glowacz,Tariq Ali,Muhammad Irfan,Adam Glowacz,Amjad Ali,Frantisek Brumercik,Sana Yasin

doi:10.3390/s21113578

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology in underwater communication because of its potential to monitor underwater activities. IoT devices enable a variety of applications such as submarine and navy defense systems, pre-disaster prevention, and gas/oil exploration in deep and shallow water. The IoT devices have limited power due to their size. Many routing protocols have been proposed in applications, as mentioned above, in different aspects, but timely action and energy make these a challenging task for marine research. Therefore, this research presents a routing technique with three sub-sections, Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing (TANVEER): Layer-Based Adjustment (LBA-TANVEER), Data Packet Delivery (DPD-TANVEER), and Binary Inter Nodes (BIN-TANVEER). In TANVEER, the path is selected between the source node and sonobuoys by computing the angle three times with horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions by using the nearest vector-based approach to avoid the empty nodes/region. In order to deploy the nodes, the LBA-TANVEER is used. Furthermore, for successful data delivery, the DPD-TANVEER is responsible for bypassing any empty nodes/region occurrence. BIN-TANVEER works with new watchman nodes that play an essential role in the path/data shifting mechanism. Moreover, achievable empty regions are also calculated by linear programming to minimize energy consumption and throughput maximization. Different evaluation parameters perform extensive simulation, and the coverage area of the proposed scheme is also presented. The simulated results show that the proposed technique outperforms the compared baseline scheme layer-by-layer angle-based flooding (L2-ABF) in terms of energy, throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and a fraction of empty regions.

Highlights

The proposed scheme Tri-Angular Nearest Vector-Based Energy Efficient Routing (TANVEER), Layer-Based Adjustment (LBA)-TANVEER, Data Packet Delivery (DPD)-TANVEER, and BIN-TANVEER was evaluated in NS-3 against related parameters like packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, the fraction of empty region and network throughput
We have proposed TANVEER, with its three sub-sections LBA-TANVEER, DPD-TANVEER, and BIN-TANVEER, as a routing protocol to overcome the issues of minimum throughput and maximum energy consumption in the acoustic environment
The use of LBA-TANVEER helps to control the topology of the network

Summary

Introduction

The Earth’s surface, around 71.2% is covered by ocean. Half of the population of this world lives under 100 km of seaside areas. Been a source of nutrition products, and over time, has begun playing a vital role in the areas of defense, carriage, natural resources, and leisure. While water is indispensable for all humankind, a surprisingly massive area of the total volume of the ocean remains unexplored, i.e., less than 10% of it has been studied [1]. It is difficult for human beings to monitor volatile underwater events and high-water pressure. Because of the reasons mentioned earlier, unmanned exploration is necessary. Internet of Things-enabled acoustic sensor and actor networks (I-ASANs) have attracted the interest of researchers of late

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Conclusion