Abstract
The hemostasis system is often affected by complications associated with cardiovascular diseases, which results in thromboembolic events. Compounds of plant origin and plant extracts are considered as a promising source of substances that could modulate the functioning of the hemostasis system and thus reduce the risk of thromboembolism. Among them, tannins, which are plant-origin compounds with potential effects in hemostasis, deserve a special mention. This paper describes the hemostasis-modifying ability of three groups of tannins, namely ellagitannins, gallotannins, and procyanidins. The review highlights the desirable as well as undesirable influence of tannins on specific components of hemostasis, namely platelets, coagulation system, fibrinolysis system, and endothelium, and the multidirectional effect of these compounds on the thrombotic process. Studies performed under normal and pathological conditions such as diabetes or hypercoagulation are described, and the pathophysiology-dependent action of tannins is also highlighted. Most of the studies presented in the paper were performed in vitro, and due to the low bioavailability of tannins more studies should be conducted in the future to understand their actual activity in vivo.
Highlights
Hemostasis plays a vital role in ensuring the fluidity of blood in the intact vessel and preventing blood loss after its damage
5.2 Anticoagulant Activity of Tannins: In Vivo Studies beta pentagalloyl glucose (bPGG) has been shown to prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), partial thromboplastin time (PT), and Thrombin time (TT) and decrease the concentration of fibrinogen in plasma collected from rats that had been injected with adrenaline in order to obtain blood with a high coagulation status (Xie et al, 2017)
It has been shown that corilagin isolated from a methanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus urinaria L. (Phyllanthaceae) increased tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity and decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) activity in plasma collected from healthy rats and reduced the activity of PAI-1 released from thrombin-stimulated rat platelets in vitro (Shen et al, 2003)
Summary
Hemostasis plays a vital role in ensuring the fluidity of blood in the intact vessel and preventing blood loss after its damage. The hemostatic balance is maintained by concurrent prothrombotic and antithrombotic reactions involving platelets, coagulation system, fibrinolysis system, and vessel wall. Among the species from tannin-rich plants genus Acacia, Agrimonia, Camellia, Geranium, Hamamelis, Krameria, Lythrum, Phyllanthus, Potentilla, Quercus, Rhus, Rubus, Sanguisorba, or Terminalia are the most relevant from a medicinal point of view (Fraga-Corral et al, 2021). In general terms, these tannin-rich species have been described to treat gastrointestinal disorders or diseases (diarrhoea, congestion, anthelmintic), respiratory affections (pharyngitis, cold, expectorant and for sore throat), many skin issues such. The substances used in the presented studies were either extracted from plant materials or obtained by chemical synthesis based on plant-derived compounds
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