Tandem Mass Spectrometry Screening for Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: The Value of Second-Tier Enzyme Testing

Abstract

To evaluate newborn screening (NBS) for very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD), we further characterized newborns with elevation of one or all C14-carnitine derivatives on NBS from a total of 90 338 newborns. Palmitoyl-CoA oxidation was performed in lymphocytes to define very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase function. Molecular analysis followed in children with residual activities<50%. The acylcarnitine pattern on days 2 to 3 of life was evaluated thoroughly to define possible discrimination markers. Forty newborns with increased C14:1-carnitine were identified (1:2500). In 2 newborns, VLCADD was confirmed with enzyme and molecular analyses (prevalence, 1:50,000). One of these newborns had normal results on a second screening. Also, the combination of absolute acylcarnitine values and acylcarnitine ratios did not allow correct identification of the newborn as a patient with VLCADD. Reliable diagnosis is not feasible with acylcarnitine analysis alone. Enzyme analysis in lymphocytes is a reliable and rapid method for correctly assessing all newborns with VLCADD and should be carried out in all newborns identified during the first screening, regardless of the results of a later acylcarnitine profile.