Abstract
Tamarillo extract is a good source of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds which are well-known for beneficial antioxidant activity, but their bioactivity maybe lost during digestion. In this study, promising prospects of tamarillo polyphenols encapsulated in cubosome nanoparticles prepared via a top-down method were explored. The prepared nanocarriers were examined for their morphology, entrapment efficiency, particle size and stability during in vitro digestion as well as potential fortification of yoghurt. Tamarillo polyphenol-loaded cubosomes showed cubic shape with a mean particle size of 322.4 ± 7.27 nm and the entrapment efficiency for most polyphenols was over 50%. The encapsulated polyphenols showed high stability during the gastric phase of in vitro digestion and were almost completely, but slowly released in the intestinal phase. Addition of encapsulated tamarillo polyphenols to yoghurt (5, 10 and 15 wt% through pre- and post-fermentation) improved the physicochemical and potential nutritional properties (polyphenols concentration, TPC) as well as antioxidant activity. The encapsulation of tamarillo polyphenols protected against pH changes and enzymatic digestion and facilitated a targeted delivery and slow release of the encapsulated compounds to the intestine. Overall, the cubosomal delivery system demonstrated the potential for encapsulation of polyphenols from tamarillo for value-added food product development with yoghurt as the vehicle.
Highlights
Inverse bicontinuous liquid crystalline nanoparticles, termed cubosomes, have advantageous properties that may be suitable for the delivery of bioactive compounds to the small intestine
The materials used for lipid bilayer and stabilisation of cubosomes determine susceptibility of polyphenols to digestive enzymes as well as pH at each stage [33]
This study demonstrated the proof-of-principle that tamarillo polyphenols could be effectively encapsulated by cubosome nanoparticles with relatively high loading efficiency and preservation of high antioxidant activity
Summary
Inverse bicontinuous liquid crystalline nanoparticles, termed cubosomes, have advantageous properties that may be suitable for the delivery of bioactive compounds to the small intestine. The internal hydrophilic (aqueous) areas are separated by lipid bilayers that are twisted into a tightly packed three-dimensional honeycomb structure that has a high internal surface area to volume. Within this structure, encapsulation of diverse hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic compounds of small to large molecular weights, such as proteins, peptides, amino acids and nucleic acids, is possible [1]. Hydrophobic molecules can be located within the lipid bilayers, hydrophilic components in the aqueous channels or around the polar head of the lipid, and amphiphilic molecules can be located at the lipid–water interface This structure generally maintains the efficacy—stability of actives (vitamins and proteins) without adverse effects
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