Abstract
Abstract Biodiesel can be produced from vegetable oils and also from waste fats. Biodiesel is a mono-alkyl-ester of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feedstock such as vegetable oils by transesterification process. The esterified cotton seed oil, pungam oil, rice bran oil, and tamanu oil are chosen as the alternative fuels. Among these oils, tamanu oil is considered for the first time as an alternative fuel. An experiment is conducted to obtain the operating characteristics of the variable compression ratio (VCR) engine run by chosen esterified oils, and the results are compared with esterified tamanu oil. From the comparison of results, it is inferred that the engine performance is improved with significant reduction in emissions for the chosen oils without any engine modification. The effective compression ratio can be fixed based on the experimental results obtained in the engine since the findings of the present research work infer that the biodiesel obtained from tamanu oil is a promising alternative fuel for direct-injection four-stroke VCR engine.
Highlights
Over the last decade, a sustained and progressive growth in the development and adoption of solar systems has been observed [1] and relatively an increasing public interest and the advancement in the efficient and costeffective solar technology as concerns over grid failure and the depletion natural resources have intensified [2]
alternating current (AC) counterparts especially fans and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [9]. This supports the idea that energy savings could be achieved by directly coupling direct current (DC) power sources with DC appliances [10], avoiding DC–AC–DC
It shows that after retrofitting of AC appliances with DC appliances the significant losses associated with the batteries in the form of efficiency loss, gassing current and battery self-discharge current have been eliminated resulting in an increase in performance ratio and energy generation of the system
Summary
Over the last decade, a sustained and progressive growth in the development and adoption of solar systems has been observed [1] and relatively an increasing public interest and the advancement in the efficient and costeffective solar technology as concerns over grid failure and the depletion natural resources have intensified [2]. It explains the hourly status of actual energy generation from the Solar. It shows that after retrofitting of AC appliances with DC appliances the significant losses associated with the batteries in the form of efficiency loss, gassing current (electrolyte dissociation) and battery self-discharge current have been eliminated resulting in an increase in performance ratio and energy generation of the system. DC–AC conversion have been eliminated in the new system resulting in improved efficiency by 9.6%
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