Abstract
Segmenting stimuli into events and understanding the relations between those events is crucial for understanding the world. For example, on the linguistic level, successful language use requires the ability to recognize semantic coherence relations between events (e.g., causality, similarity). However, relatively little is known about the mental representation of discourse structure. We report two experiments that used a cross-modal priming paradigm to investigate how humans represent the relations between events. Participants repeated a motor action modeled by the experimenter (e.g., rolled a ball toward mini bowling pins to knock them over), and then completed an unrelated sentence-continuation task (e.g., provided a continuation for “Peter scratched John.…”). In two experiments, we tested whether and how the coherence relations represented by the motor actions (e.g., causal events vs. non-causal events) influence participants’ performance in the linguistic task. (A production study was also conducted to explore potential syntactic priming effects.) Our analyses focused on the coherence relations between the prompt sentences and participants’ continuations, as well as the referential shifts in the continuations. As a whole, the results suggest that the mental representations activated by motor actions overlap with the mental representations used during linguistic discourse-level processing, but nevertheless contain fine-grained information about sub-types of causality (reaction vs. consequence). In addition, the findings point to parallels between shifting one’s attention from one-event to another and shifting one’s attention from one referent to another, and indicate that the event structure of causal sequences is conceptualized more like single events than like two distinct events. As a whole, the results point toward common representations activated by motor sequences and discourse-semantic relations, and further our understanding of the mental representation of discourse structure, an area that is still not yet well-understood.
Highlights
Our ability to segment stimuli into events and to understand the relations between those events is a key aspect of human cognition, and crucial for understanding and interacting with the world (e.g., Zacks and Swallow, 2007)
GENERAL CAUSALITY Starting with the overall proportion of causal vs. non-causal continuations, we see in Figure 2A that participants’ continuations do show significant effects of prime type: after performing Causal actions, participants produced significantly more Causal continuations than after performing One-Event actions (80 vs. 66%, β = −1.115, Wald Z = −2.599, p < 0.01)
We feel that the production study can be used to test whether syntactic priming might be responsible for the results of Experiment 1
Summary
Our ability to segment stimuli into events and to understand the relations between those events is a key aspect of human cognition, and crucial for understanding and interacting with the world (e.g., Zacks and Swallow, 2007). Within the domain of cognitive psychology, there exists a large body of work investigating what cues humans use to recognize relations such as causality (e.g., Michotte, 1946/1963; Kanizsa and Vicario, 1968; Schlottmann et al, 2006) and similarity (e.g., Gati and Tversky, 1984; Gentner and Markman, 1997; Simmons and Estes, 2008). Many of these studies have focused on visual stimuli, such as the collision events used by Michotte and colleagues. For successful communication, comprehenders need to be able to figure out the intended coherence relations between clauses
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