Abstract
Vehicle automation is linked to various benefits, such as increase in fuel and transport efficiency as well as increase in driving comfort. However, automation also comes with a variety of possible downsides, e.g., loss of situational awareness, loss of skills, and inappropriate trust levels regarding system functionality. Drawbacks differ at different automation levels. As highly automated driving (HAD, level 3) requires the driver to take over the driving task in critical situations within a limited period of time, the need for an appropriate human–machine interface (HMI) arises. To foster adequate and efficient human–machine interaction, this contribution presents a user-centered, iterative approach for HMI evaluation of highly automated truck driving. For HMI evaluation, a driving simulator study [n = 32] using a dynamic truck driving simulator was conducted to let users experience the HMI in a semi-real driving context. Participants rated three HMI concepts, differing in their informational content for HAD regarding acceptance, workload, user experience, and controllability. Results showed that all three HMI concepts achieved good to very good results in these measures. Overall, HMI concepts offering more information to the driver about the HAD system showed significantly higher ratings, depicting the positive effect of additional information on the driver–automation interaction.
Highlights
The introduction of vehicle automation is linked to various benefits, such as increase in overall safety, increase in fuel and transport efficiency, and reduction in road congestion [1]
A total of 32 participants participated in the experiment: Two datasets had to be excluded from further analysis due to simulation errors; 30 participants (29 male, 1 female; truck drivers) at an average age of 47.67 years (SD = 9.37) formed the basis for further analysis
The participants encountered six different traffic situations: Situation 1 and 2 were noncritical situations that could be managed by the automated driving system
Summary
The introduction of vehicle automation is linked to various benefits, such as increase in overall safety, increase in fuel and transport efficiency, and reduction in road congestion [1]. Vehicle automation is not limited to the automotive domain in terms of passenger cars. Fleet managers might profit, especially regarding higher fuel efficiency and a reduction in overall emissions and incurred costs. In highly automated driving (HAD), the driver does not have to monitor the system anymore [2]. The driver is able to engage in other non-driving-related tasks. In the domain of truck driving, truck drivers are supposed to engage in vocational tasks, such as completing delivery documents or engaging in vocational training [3,4,5]
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