Abstract
The article presents a cross-cultural study of take-over performance in highly automated driving. As take-over performance is an important measure of safe driving, potential cultural differences could have important implications for the future development of automated vehicles. The study was conducted in two culturally different locations, Seattle, WA (n = 20) and Ljubljana, Slovenia (n = 18), using a driving simulator. While driving, participants voluntarily engaged in secondary tasks. The take-over request (TOR) was triggered at a specific time during the drive, and take-over time and type of response (none, brake, steer) were measured for each participant. Results show significant differences in take-over performance between the two locations. In Seattle 30% of participants in Seattle did not respond to TOR; the remaining 70% responded by braking only, compared to Slovenian participants who all responded by either braking or steering. Participants from Seattle responded significantly more slowly to TOR (M = +1285 ms) than Slovenian participants. Secondary task engagement at TOR also had an effect, with distracted US participants’ response taking significantly longer (M = +1596 ms) than Slovenian participants. Reported differences in take-over performance may indicate cultural differences in driving behavior and trust in automated driving.
Highlights
There are positive and negative impacts associated with automated driving
We investigated the differences in the take-over performance between both locations, as well as workload related to the secondary task engagement in in-vehicle information system (IVIS)
Six (30%) of the US participants did not respond to take-over request (TOR), as compared to the Slovenian participants who all did
Summary
There are positive and negative impacts associated with automated driving. The change from manual to automated driving alters the driver’s role and encourages drivers to engage in more non-driving related tasks [1]. A meta-study using SAE level 2 automation and higher showed that the mean take-over time was affected by situation, type of TOR, driver’s prior experience with TOR, and the secondary task engagement [5]. This meta-study is in line with other studies that reported the negative effects of ( visual) secondary tasks on the driver performance and take-over time [3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Cognitive demanding tasks had a larger effect on the take-over time in time-critical and cognitively demanding situations, as compared to more casual take-over situations where motoric distractions had a bigger effect on take-over performance (cf. [8,12])
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