Abstract
Control of morphology and spectroscopic properties during the synthesis of up-converting nanoparticles (NPs) is a great challenge. One of the most popular ways of NPs synthesis is the hydrothermal method, which is relatively simple, effective, environmentally friendly and permits easy control of synthesis parameters. For these reasons, the hydrothermal method was applied for the synthesis of CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ NPs and optimized. The effects of synthesis conditions on the properties of the product were carefully analysed. The tests were performed to check the impact of two surfactants: sodium citrate (NaCit) and ammonium citrate (NH4Cit), different excess of ammonium fluoride used as a precipitation agent and different volumes of solution with reactants. The type of co-reagent was found to influence the size of the obtained NPs and charge compensation, required after Yb3+ and Er3+ doping into Ca2+ sites. Depending on the synthesis conditions, the formation of Yb3+ clusters and alterations in the Yb3+ site symmetry were detected. The excitation and emission spectra revealed the importance of the presence of the Na+ ions on the energy transfer mechanism and the resulting emission intensity. The presented results show that applying stirring during the synthesis or changing the type of anti-agglomeration agent has a great influence on the luminescence intensity and colour as well as maximum of excitation when Yb3+ ions are used. Analysis of the excitation spectra and Yb3+ emission decays showed the complex structure of CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ NPs, with Yb3+ ions in two different environments within the volume of NPs with different site symmetries. The samples prepared in the presence of Na+ ions were characterized by long Yb3+ emission rise times, revealing energy migration between Yb3+ at different symmetries and, at the same time, improved the overall luminescence intensity of NPs.
Highlights
Up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been intensively investigated in last years because of their unusual properties allowing, in general, for conversion of near-infrared light (NIR) to higher energetic, visible and even ultraviolet [1,2,3,4,5]
Cubic nanocrystals of CaF2 doped with lanthanide ions (Ln3?) were obtained by the hydrothermal synthesis in the presence of sodium citrate (NaCit) or ammonium citrate (NH4Cit) as a complexing agent
Up-converting nanoparticles based on CaF2 matrix doped with lanthanide ions (Yb3? and Er3?) were synthesized by the hydrothermal method
Summary
Up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been intensively investigated in last years because of their unusual properties allowing, in general, for conversion of near-infrared light (NIR) to higher energetic, visible and even ultraviolet [1,2,3,4,5]. There are many variables like pressure, temperature, synthesis time, the volume of solution or stirring that can significantly influence the morphology and spectroscopic properties of UCNPs. Great importance in synthesis route has the addition of hydrophilic compounds like sodium citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), as well as polymers, e.g. polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylenimine (PEI) and other [14, 16, 25]. CaF2 can be used in lasers [30], for bioimaging (high biocompatibility with living cell, non-toxic material) [31], biomedical sensors [32] and other applications This material can be obtained by a variety of methods such as sol–gel, solvo(hydro)thermal methods, polyol-mediated, thermal decomposition of precursors or colloidal techniques [33,34,35,36,37]. Dopant concentrations were established based on literature data and earlier research, as well as synthesis conditions [25, 42]
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