Abstract
Basic lock-in amplifier principles and instrument response function formalism are reviewed to provide a mathematical model for potential modulation signal detection in Auger electron spectroscopy. The effect of sinusoidal modulation on a Gaussian peak is calculated exactly as a function of modulation amplitude. The result illustrates the degree of distortion and linearity of signal strength as a function of modulation. Nonsinusoidal modulations are considered and when proper waveforms are utilized can provide EN (E) and I (E) =ℱE′N (E′) dE′ measurements directly from the lock-in amplifier. The removal of troublesome background effects is also accomplished to second- and third-order terms depending upon the modulation used. Results of the application of the various tailored modulation waveforms on Auger spectra are presented.
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