Tailored use of β blockers using artificial intelligence

Abstract

β blockers are the foundational therapy for most patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF); clinical practice guidelines recommend evidence-based β blockers (bisoprolol, carvedilol, and metoprolol succinate) in all patients with HFrEF to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality.1 Patients with comorbid HFrEF and atrial fibrillation have an increased burden of morbidity and mortality.2–4 However, a 2014 meta-analysis suggested a lack of efficacy in reducing all-cause mortality of β blockers versus placebo in patients with HFrEF and baseline atrial fibrillation.