Tailored Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Anatase Nanoparticles and Brookite Nanorods as Highly Active Photocatalysts

Abstract

High quality brookite TiO2 nanorods have been obtained by the thermal hydrolysis of commercially available aqueous solutions of titanium bis(ammonium lactate) dihydroxide in the presence of high concentrations of urea (≥6.0 M) as an in situ OH− source. Biphasial anatase/brookite mixtures are obtained at lower urea concentrations. The ratios between anatase and brookite can readily be tailored by the control of the urea concentration. The obtained powders have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and nitrogen adsorption. The photocatalytic activity of pure anatase nanoparticles, of anatase/brookite mixtures, and of pure brookite nanorods has been assessed by hydrogen evolution from aqueous methanol solution as well as by the degradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) in aqueous solution. The results indicate that the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activ...