Abstract
Background: The rapid circulation of arboviruses in the human population has been linked with changes in climatic, environmental, and socio-economic conditions. These changes are known to alter the transmission cycles of arboviruses involving the anthropophilic vectors and thus facilitate an extensive geographical distribution of medically important arboviral diseases, thereby posing a significant health threat. Using our current understanding and assessment of relevant literature, this review aimed to understand the underlying factors promoting the spread of arboviruses and how the three most renowned interdisciplinary and holistic approaches to health such as One Health, Eco-Health, and Planetary Health can be a panacea for control of arboviruses. Methods: A comprehensive structured search of relevant databases such as Medline, PubMed, WHO, Scopus, Science Direct, DOAJ, AJOL, and Google Scholar was conducted to identify recent articles on arboviruses and holistic approaches to health using the keywords including "arboviral diseases", "arbovirus vectors", "arboviral infections", "epidemiology of arboviruses", "holistic approaches", "One Health", "Eco-Health", and "Planetary Health". Results: Changes in climatic factors like temperature, humidity, and precipitation support the growth, breeding, and fecundity of arthropod vectors transmitting the arboviral diseases. Increased human migration and urbanization due to socio-economic factors play an important role in population increase leading to the rapid geographical distribution of arthropod vectors and transmission of arboviral diseases. Medical factors like misdiagnosis and misclassification also contribute to the spread of arboviruses. Conclusion: This review highlights two important findings: First, climatic, environmental, socio-economic, and medical factors influence the constant distributions of arthropod vectors. Second, either of the three holistic approaches or a combination of any two can be adopted on arboviral disease control. Our findings underline the need for holistic approaches as the best strategy to mitigating and controlling the emerging and reemerging arboviruses.
Highlights
The emergence and re-emergence of arthropod-borne viruses otherwise known as arboviruses is a public health threat across the globe causing an increased infection to humans and animals, resulting in a large socioeconomic burden
Tajudeen et al increased arboviral infections are caused as a result of increased geographical distribution and abundance of arthropod vectors especially the species of Aedes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) and Culex (Culex tarsalis, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex pipiens) mosquitoes known to transmit medically-important arboviral diseases such as West Nile viruses (WNVs), yellow fever viruses (YFVs), Chikungunya viruses (CHIKVs), and dengue viruses (DENVs).[5]
We considered a number of databases and search engines including Medline, PubMed, World Health Organization (WHO), Scopus, Science Direct, DOAJ, AJOL, and Google Scholar to identify relevant articles using the following keywords and search terms; “arboviral diseases”, “arbovirus vectors”, “arboviral infections”, “epidemiology of arboviruses”, “holistic approaches”, “One Health”, “Eco-Health”, and “Planetary Health”
Summary
The emergence and re-emergence of arthropod-borne viruses otherwise known as arboviruses is a public health threat across the globe causing an increased infection to humans and animals, resulting in a large socioeconomic burden. This article, highlights arboviruses as a global health threat, explicates some important arboviral diseases and factors facilitating their spread, and appraised the three relevant holistic approaches as a possible way forward. The rapid circulation of arboviruses in the human population has been linked with changes in climatic, environmental, and socio-economic conditions These changes are known to alter the transmission cycles of arboviruses involving the anthropophilic vectors and facilitate an extensive geographical distribution of medically important arboviral diseases, thereby posing a significant health threat. Increased human migration and urbanization due to socio-economic factors play an important role in population increase leading to the rapid geographical distribution of arthropod vectors and transmission of arboviral diseases. Conclusion: This review highlights two important findings: First, climatic, environmental, socio-economic, and medical factors influence the constant distributions of arthropod vectors. Our findings underline the need for holistic approaches as the best strategy to mitigating and controlling the emerging and reemerging arboviruses
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