Abstract
Simple SummaryNatural products have continued to play an important role in new drug discovery with a considerable number of marketed drugs being derived from naturally occurring compounds, particularly in the area of cancer. Taccalonolides are a new class of microtube-stabilizing agents isolated from plants of the genus Tacca demonstrating effectiveness against drug-resistant tumors in cellular and animal models. This review article highlights the discovery history of taccalonolides and their microtubule-stabilizing activities, which summarizes the naturally derived and semi-synthesized structures that have been reported so far and the advances on the mechanism of action of taccalonolides.Microtubule stabilizing agents, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel have been among the most used chemotherapeutic agents in the last decades for the treatment of a wide range of cancers in the clinic. One of the concerns that limit their use in clinical practice is their intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, which is common to most anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. Taccalonolides are a new class of microtubule stabilizers isolated from the roots of a few species in the genus of Tacca. In early studies, taccalonolides demonstrated different effects on interphase and mitotic microtubules from those of paclitaxel and laulimalide suggesting a unique mechanism of action. This prompts the exploration of new taccalonolides with various functionalities through the identification of minor constituents of natural origin and semi-synthesis. The experiments on the new highly potent taccalonolides indicated that taccalonolides possessed a unique mechanism of covalently binding to the microtubule. An X-ray diffraction analysis of a crystal of taccalonolides AJ binding to tubulin indicated that the covalent binding site is at β-tubulin D226. Taccalonolides circumvent all three mechanisms of taxane drug resistance both in vitro and in vivo. To improve the activity, the structure modification through semi-synthesis was conducted and the structure-activity relationships (SARs) was analyzed based on natural and semi-synthetical taccalonolides. The C22–C23 epoxide can significantly increase the antiproliferation potency of taccalonolides due to the covalent link of C22 and the carboxylic group of D226. Great progress has been seen in the last few years in the understanding of the mechanism of this class of microtube-stabilizing agents. This review summarizes the structure diversity, structure-activity relationships (SARs), mechanism of action, and in vivo activities of taccalonolides.
Highlights
Microtubules, the third principal component of the cytoskeleton, are tube-like long hollow cylindrical filaments found in all eukaryotes and function in a variety of cell movements including transport of organelles, vesicles, or signaling molecules and the separation of chromosomes during mitosis [1,2]
A characteristic property of microtubules is their ability to undergo continual and rapid cycles of assembly and disassembly by adding and subtracting tubulin dimers at both ends of the filament, which is known as dynamic instability [5]
The potent fluorescein-labeled taccalonolides synthesized in this study suggest that targeted drug delivery, such as by attaching an antibody to taccalonolides, might be an efficacious strategy to reduce the optimal drug dose required for a significant antitumor effect and manage systemic toxicities [18,46]
Summary
Microtubules, the third principal component of the cytoskeleton, are tube-like long hollow cylindrical filaments found in all eukaryotes and function in a variety of cell movements including transport of organelles, vesicles, or signaling molecules and the separation of chromosomes during mitosis [1,2]. It has been one of the most successful targets for anticancer drugs including taxanes and vinca alkaloids [3,4].
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