Établir une stratégie nutritionnelle chez un enfant dénutri

Abstract

Around half of world’s endowment of in-place oil and bitumen experienced biodegradation, which is now believed to be largely an anaerobic methanogenic process. However, the distribution and scale of methanogenic biodegradation in the world’s petroleum accumulations and the significance of its terminal product, secondary microbial methane, in the global gas endowment and carbon cycle are largely unknown. Here, I present geological and geochemical criteria to recognize secondary microbial methane in conventional petroleum reservoirs. These include the presence of biodegraded oil (as pools, legs or shows) in the reservoir or down-dip, the relatively dry (methane dominated) gas containing methane with δ13C values between −55‰ and −35‰ and, most importantly, CO2 with δ13C > +2‰. Based on these criteria, the presence of secondary microbial methane is apparent in 22 basins, probable in 12 basins and possible in six basins worldwide. Reservoirs apparently containing secondary microbial methane are mostly Cenozoic and clastic and occur at depths of 37–1834 m below surface/mudline and temperatures of 12–71 °C. Using the current global endowment of in-place oil and bitumen and reasonable assumptions about conversion of oil into methane during biodegradation, I estimated that ∼65,500 tcf of secondary microbial methane could have been generated in existing worldwide accumulations of oil and bitumen through their geological history. From 1461–2760 tcf in-place (845–1644 tcf recoverable) of secondary microbial methane may be accumulated as free and oil-dissolved gas in petroleum reservoirs. I also updated the inventory of primary microbial methane and estimated that the global primary microbial gas endowment (free and oil-dissolved) is from 676–797 tcf in-place (407–589 tcf recoverable). Secondary microbial methane may account for ∼5–11% of the global conventional recoverable gas endowment and appears more abundant than primary microbial gas (∼3–4% of the global gas endowment). Most of the generated secondary microbial methane probably is aerobically and anaerobically oxidized to CO2 in the overburden above petroleum reservoirs. However, some secondary microbial methane may escape from shallow reservoirs into the atmosphere and affect present and past global climate.