Abstract
BackgroundIn recent years, a number of investigations have evaluated the effect of cannabis use on the risk of presenting ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) status as well as its influences on transition rate, suggesting a dose-dependent interaction. On the other hand, the association between cocaine (snorted or smoked) - an increasing health issue in several countries worldwide - and the UHR state was not appropriately examined. Also, exposure to other psychotomimetic drugs, as amphetamines and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), has not been investigated yet. We sought to examine differences in the prevalence of drug use between UHR subjects and epidemiologic controls (EC).MethodsOver 2500 individuals from the city of São Paulo (Brazil), aged between 18 and 30 years old, were screened with the Prodromal Questionnaire. Subjects with scores higher than 18 points in the positive subscale were invited to be thoroughly assessed with the application of SIPS (Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes). Drug use (lifetime use, age of first use and more intense use) was assessed using South Westminster scale.Results100 individuals presented UHR state; other 110 were enrolled as EC. A subsample of 50 UHR subjects and 82 HC with data on drugs consumption were evaluated herein. UHR subjects history of lifetime drug use was: 19 (38%) cannabis; 5 (10%) snorted cocaine; 1 (2%) crack; 1 (2%) amphetamine; 2 (6.9%) LSD. EC history of lifetime drug use was: 20 (24.4%) cannabis; 6 (7.3%) snorted cocaine; 0 crack; 2 (2.4%) amphetamine; 1 (1.2%) LSD. No differences were observed for snorted cocaine (p=0.589), crack (p=0.379), amphetamine (p=1.0), or LSD (P=0.167). At a trend level, cannabis lifetime use (p=0.096) was more prevalent in the UHR group. Additional analyses showed that UHR subjects initiate cannabis use at earlier age than EC (p=0.006). In this group, 20% of subjects had used cannabis prior to 15 years of age, in comparison to 3.6% in the EC group.DiscussionOur results reinforce the view that cannabis use is linked to psychosis risk and that subjects at early age of exposure are at greatest risk. Nonetheless, studies with larger number of participants are warranted to confirm our findings, particularly on the lack of association between less frequently consumed drugs and the UHR for psychosis state.
Highlights
Humor can provide a method of coping with a variety of stressful situations
Our preliminary results suggest that abnormal White matter (WM) maturation may occur in the right cingulum bundle (CB) and right superior longitudinal fasciculus-ii (SLF-ii) in individuals with increased genetic risk for SZ, after early childhood (7 to 12 years) and into adulthood (19 to 29 years)
The preliminary results of this study provide possible evidence of subtle divergences from a healthy WM maturational trajectory in the right CB and right SLF-ii in early to late childhood that may persist into adulthood and these deviations may contribute to cognitive phenotypes described in other studies
Summary
Results: Preliminary analyses reveal significant reductions in FAt between GHR and HC in the right CB (p = 0.013) in the child GHR population. This is mirrored by medium to large effect sizes in the bilateral CB in GHR children (CB-left, d = 0.51; CB-right, d = 0.79). Significant decreases were seen in the right SLF-ii in the adult GHR population (p = 0.012), but not in the infant or child GHR populations, though the reductions in FAt in the child GHR population exhibited a small effect (d = 0.35). Irina Falkenberg*,1, Florian Bitsch, Philipp Berger, Arne Nagels, Benjamin Straube1 1Philipps-University
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