T1 AND T2 carcinoma of the urinary bladder: Long term result with external, preoperative, or interstitial radiotherapy

Abstract

Between January 1974 and December 1984, 273 consecutive patients with cancer of the urinary bladder, Stages T1 or T2, any N, M0, were referred to the radiotherapy department of the Catharina Hospital at Eindhoven, The Netherlands and 265 were treated in a non-randomized fashion according to one of the three following schedules: 137 patients (67 Tl, 70 T2) received radiotherapy only; 96 (44 T1, 52 T2) had preoperative radiotherapy followed by cystectomy and diversion according to the Bricker technique in 94/96; 32 patients (13 TI, 19 T2) had low total dose (12 Gy median) external radiotherapy followed by an interstitial cesium implant. The external radiotherapy fields included the pelvic structures. Total dose was 64 Gy median in the radiotherapy-only group and 40 Gy median in the preoperatively irradiated group. The median follow-up in survivors was 81 months (range: 15–203). Locoregional relapse was observed in 50% in the group treated by external radiotherapy alone versus 17% in the group treated by preoperative radiation plus surgery and 28% of the patients who received cesium implant. During follow-up, 106/137 (77%), 67/96 (70%) and 13/32 (41%) patients died. In the radiotherapy-alone group, 38 died from intercurrent diseases, 36 from bladder cancer, two from therapy-related complications and cause of death was unknown in 30 patients. In the preoperative radiation group, the figures were 17 for intercurrent deaths, 26 related to progressive bladder cancer, 14 died due to perioperative complications and cause of death was unknown in 10. Cause of death was intercurrent in six and due to bladder cancer in seven patients treated by cesium implant. Probability of survival (calculated from the date of histological diagnosis) for the whole group, with censoring death to intercurrent disease was 53% at 5 years (56% for Tl; 51% for T2) and 41% (40% for Tl; 43% for T2) at 10 years. No significant difference was observed between T1 and T2 ( p = 0.76). Survival in the treatment subgroups was, for patients treated by external radiotherapy only: 50% at 5 years and 33% at 10 years; for patients treated by external radiotherapy and surgery: 49% at 5 years and 42% at 10 years; for patients treated by cesium implant: 76% at 5 years and 76% at 10 years. Survival of patients in the cesium implant group was significantly better than in the other groups ( p = 0.0001). Following variables were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model: age, gender, T1 or T2 stage, grade, cesium implant or not, and surgery or not. With survival as endpoint, only cesium implant ( p = 0.0001) was a significant prognostic factor. With relapse-free survival (calculated from the start of radiotherapy) as an start of radiotherapy) as an endpoint, cesium implant ( p = 0.003) was an independent prognostic factor. Surgery was borderline ( p = 0.07).