Abstract
T lymphocytes (T cells) are divided into two functionally different subgroups the CD4+ T helper cells (Th) and the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Adequate CD4 and CD8 T cell activation to proliferation, clonal expansion and effector function is crucial for efficient clearance of infection by pathogens. Failure to do so may lead to T cell exhaustion. Upon activation by antigen presenting cells, T cells undergo metabolic reprograming that support effector functions. In this review we will discuss how metabolic reprograming dictates functionality during viral infections using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as examples. Moreover, we will briefly discuss T cell metabolic programs during bacterial infections exemplified by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) infection.
Highlights
T lymphocytes (T cells) are divided into two functionally different subgroups the CD4+ T helper cells (Th) and the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
CD8+ T cells are called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) while CD4+ T cells are designated as T helper cells (Th) [2]
It is widely accepted that the fundamental processes in T cell biology, such as T cell activation, differentiation and effector functions are closely linked to changes in the cellular metabolic programs
Summary
T lymphocytes (T cells) are divided into two functionally different subgroups the CD4+ T helper cells (Th) and the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The anti-tumor functions of Th9 cells were found to be superior as compared to Th1 and other Th subsets and involves activation of the innate and adaptive immune system, including, generation of a profound CTL response against neo antigens [15, 16]. Arginine is another amino acid important for T cell activation, and supplementation of extracellular arginine increases long-term survival and effector functions of T cells, accompanied by a reduction in glycolysis and enhanced oxidative phosphorylation [92].
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