Abstract
Influenza viruses are an ongoing threat to humans and are endemic in pigs, causing considerable economic losses to farmers. Pigs are also a source of new viruses potentially capable of initiating human pandemics. Many tools including monoclonal antibodies, recombinant cytokines and chemokines, gene probes, tetramers, and inbred pigs allow refined analysis of immune responses against influenza. Recent advances in understanding of the pig innate system indicate that it shares many features with that of humans, although there is a larger gamma delta component. The fine specificity and mechanisms of cross-protective T cell immunity have yet to be fully defined, although it is clear that the local immune response is important. The repertoire of pig antibody response to influenza has not been thoroughly explored. Here we review current understanding of adaptive immune responses against influenza in pigs and the use of the pig as a model to study human disease.
Highlights
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are a global health threat in humans and animals
In another study the presence of neuraminidase inhibitory (NI) antibodies against the challenge strain correlated with protective immunity in pigs in the absence of conventional neutralizing antibody responses, additional mediators such as cross-protective T cells may have been involved but were not analyzed [16]
Heterologous protection was offered by LAIV vaccine candidates in several studies which may be attributed to their ability to induce local IgA responses [45,46,47] and perhaps local T cell immune responses
Summary
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are a global health threat in humans and animals. birds are the major natural reservoirs of IAVs, pigs are a source of novel antigenically distinct IAV, capable of initiating an epidemic or pandemic in humans. In another study the presence of NI antibodies against the challenge strain correlated with protective immunity in pigs in the absence of conventional neutralizing antibody responses, additional mediators such as cross-protective T cells may have been involved but were not analyzed [16]. The distribution of IgA or IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) specific for influenza was analyzed in variety of tissues in intranasally H1N1-infected pigs [36].
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