Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly diverse secondary metabolites produced in nature by a wide variety of fungus which causes food contamination, resulting in mycotoxicosis in animals and humans. In particular, trichothecenes mycotoxin produced by genus fusarium is agriculturally more important worldwide due to the potential health hazards they pose. It is mainly metabolized and eliminated after ingestion, yielding more than 20 metabolites with the hydroxy trichothecenes-2 toxin being the major metabolite. Trichothecene is hazardously intoxicating due to their additional potential to be topically absorbed, and their metabolites affect the gastrointestinal tract, skin, kidney, liver, and immune and hematopoietic progenitor cellular systems. Sensitivity to this type of toxin varying from dairy cattle to pigs, with the most sensitive endpoints being neural, reproductive, immunological and hematological effects. The mechanism of action mainly consists of the inhibition of protein synthesis and oxidative damage to cells followed by the disruption of nucleic acid synthesis and ensuing apoptosis. In this review, the possible hazards, historical significance, toxicokinetics, and the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects along with regulatory guidelines and recommendations pertaining to the trichothecene mycotoxin are discussed. Furthermore, various techniques utilized for toxin determination, pathophysiology, prophylaxis and treatment using herbal antioxidant compounds and regulatory guidelines and recommendations are reviewed. The prospects of the trichothecene as potential hazardous agents, decontamination strategies and future perspectives along with plausible therapeutic uses are comprehensively described.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are a group of chemically assorted compounds originating from the secondary metabolism of molds that causes many diseases
The mechanism of action mainly consists of the inhibition of protein synthesis and oxidative damage to cells followed by the disruption of nucleic acid synthesis and ensuing apoptosis
This vast amount of the aggregated understanding of mycotoxins has opened a new era of applications utilizing an amalgamation of toxin dexterity factors with progress made with scientific techniques in various fields such as immunology, biotechnology, molecular biology, cell biology and nanotechnology in order to develop target-specific strategies that can adapt a fatal toxin into a potential therapeutic agent
Summary
Mycotoxins are a group of chemically assorted compounds originating from the secondary metabolism of molds (filamentous fungi) that causes many diseases. T-2 toxins are agriculturally among the most important mycotoxins that present a potential hazard to health worldwide. These compounds are derivatives of a ring system referred to as trichothecenes [4]. Trichothecenes have a tetracyclic sesquiterpenoid 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene ring in common (Figure 2), and the 12,13-epoxy ring which is responsible for the toxicological activity [6]. Their chemical structure is characterized by hydroxyl (OH) group at the C-3 position, acetyloxy (-OCOCH0) groups at the C-4 and C-15 positions, hydrogen at the C-7 position, and an esterlinked isovaleryl [OCOCH2CH(CH3)2] group at the C-8 position [7]. In 1940, Soviet scientists coined the term stachybotryotoxicosis to describe an acute syndrome consisting of a sore throat, bloody nasal discharge,
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