Abstract

BackgroundRhinovirus (RV) associated early wheezing has been recognized as an independent risk factor for asthma. The risk is more important than that associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. No comparative data are available on the immune responses of these diseases.ObjectiveTo compare T-helper1 (Th1), Th2 and T-regulatory (Treg) cell type cytokine responses between RV and RSV induced early wheezing.MethodsSystemic Th1-type (interferon [IFN] -gamma, interleukin [IL] -2, IL-12), Th2-type (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and Treg-type (IL-10) cytokine responses were studied from acute and convalescence phase serum samples of sole RV (n = 23) and RSV affected hospitalized wheezing children (n = 27). The pre-defined inclusion criteria were age of 3-35 months and first or second wheezing episode. Analysis was adjusted for baseline differences. Asymptomatic children with comparable demographics (n = 11) served as controls for RV-group.ResultsRV-group was older and had more atopic characteristics than RSV-group. At acute phase, RV-group had higher (fold change) IL-13 (39-fold), IL-12 (7.5-fold), IFN-gamma (6.0-fold) and IL-5 (2.8-fold) concentrations than RSV-group and higher IFN-gamma (27-fold), IL-2 (8.9-fold), IL-5 (5.6-fold) and IL-10 (2.6-fold) than the controls. 2-3 weeks later, RV-group had higher IFN-gamma (>100-fold), IL-13 (33-fold) and IL-10 (6.5-fold) concentrations than RSV-group and higher IFN-gamma (15-fold) and IL-2 (9.4-fold) than the controls. IL-10 levels were higher in acute phase compared to convalescence phase in both infections (p < 0.05 for all).ConclusionOur results support a hypothesis that RV is likely to trigger wheezing mainly in children with a predisposition. IL-10 may have important regulatory function in acute viral wheeze.

Highlights

  • Rhinovirus (RV) associated early wheezing has been recognized as an independent risk factor for asthma

  • Studies how viral etiology of early wheezing may contribute to later development of asthma have focused almost exclusively on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), but recent studies suggest that RV is equal [5], or more important viral risk factor than RSV [6,7,8]

  • We further showed that IL-10 was elevated in both virus groups in the acute phase when compared to the convalescence phase and when RV-group was compared to the control group

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Summary

Introduction

Rhinovirus (RV) associated early wheezing has been recognized as an independent risk factor for asthma. The risk is more important than that associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. Rhinovirus (RV) is the principal pathogen responsible for the common cold. It is the most common virus being associated with asthma attacks in children (up to 60% of cases) [1,2]. Respiratory Research 2009, 10:85 http://respiratory-research.com/content/10/1/85 mon agent (up to 41-47%; depends on the risk factors of asthma) only second to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, up to 68% of cases) [3,4]. RVs trigger cytokine and chemokine responses upon infection that may lead to airway illness

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