Systemic involvements and fatalities during Chikungunya epidemic in India, 2006

Abstract

Background In addition to classical manifestations of Chikungunya infection, severe infections requiring hospitalization were reported during outbreaks in India in 2006. Objectives To describe the systemic syndromes and risk groups of severe Chikungunya infections. Study design We prospectively investigated suspected Chikungunya cases hospitalized in Ahmedabad, Gujarat during September–October 2006, and retrospectively investigated laboratory-confirmed Chikungunya cases hospitalized with neurologic syndromes in Pune, Maharashtra. Hospital records were reviewed for demographic, comorbidity, clinical and laboratory information. Sera and/or cerebrospinal fluid were screened by one or more methods, including virus-specific IgM antibodies, viral RNA and virus isolation. Results Among 90 laboratory-confirmed Chikungunya cases hospitalized in Ahmedabad, classical Chikungunya was noted in 25 cases and severe Chikungunya was noted in 65 cases, including non-neurologic (25) and neurologic (40) manifestations. Non-neurologic systemic syndromes in the 65 severe Chikungunya cases included renal (45), hepatic (23), respiratory (21), cardiac (10), and hematologic manifestations (8). Males (50) and those aged ≥60 years (50) were commonly affected with severe Chikungunya, and age ≥60 years represented a significant risk. Comorbidities were seen in 21 cases with multiple comorbidities in 7 cases. Among 18 deaths, 14 were males, 15 were aged ≥60 years and 5 had comorbidities. In Pune, 59 laboratory-confirmed Chikungunya cases with neurologic syndromes were investigated. Neurologic syndromes in 99 cases from Ahmedabad and Pune included encephalitis (57), encephalopathy (42), and myelopathy (14) or myeloneuropathy (12). Conclusions Chikungunya infection can cause systemic complications and probably deaths, especially in elderly adults.