Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality in the general population

Abstract

BackgroundAn elevated systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is associated with higher mortality in patients with coronary artery disease and other diseases. However, the potential of SII for predicting mortality in the general population has been underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between the SII and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cardiocerebrovascular disease mortality in the general population.MethodsThis study involved 26,855 participants (≥ 18 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2014 who were grouped according to the SII tertiles. Survival differences between the groups were analyzed using log-rank tests and Kaplan–Meier plots. Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were used to examine the relationship between the SII and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality.ResultsOverall, 1947 (7.425%) participants died following an average follow-up of 87.99 ± 54.04 months. Among these, 325 (1.210%) deaths were related to cardiovascular diseases and 392 (1.459%) to cardio-cerebrovascular mortality. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed statistically significant differences in all-cause, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular mortality between the SII tertiles (log-rank test: all P < 0.001). Multi-adjusted models showed that participants in the highest tertile of SII had a higher risk of death from all-cause (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–1.48) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.60–1.61) compared with those in the lowest tertile. In addition, the restricted cubic spline curve indicated a nonlinear association between SII and all-cause mortality (P < 0.001), with threshold value of SII at 18.284. There was a 15% decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality for each twofold change in SII on the left flank (HR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.69–1.05) and a 42% increase (HR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.23–1.64) on the right flank of the inflection point. In addition, the risk of cardiovascular mortality increased nonlinearly by 39% per twofold change in SII (HR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.07–1.81). There was also a nonlinear increase in the risk of cardio-cerebrovascular mortality per twofold change in SII (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.00–1.66).ConclusionsIn the general population, the SII was significantly associated with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality, regardless of the established risk factors.