Systematics in NH+···N-Bonded Monosalts of 4,4′-Bipyridine (44′biPy) with Mineral Acids

Abstract

Despite significantly different crystal symmetry and packing, the crystal structures of NH+···N hydrogen-bonded salts of 4,4′-bipyridine (44′biPy) with mineral acids HA = HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HBF4 and H2SiF6 exhibit close analogies in the hydration, aggregation of the cations and their twisted conformation, as well as proton disordering. All monosalts have been synthesized and, at normal conditions, form crystals of general formula [44′biPyH]+A–·xH2O (x = 0.5, 1, or 2), and [44′biPyH]+2SiF62–·5H2O. In the structures, the 44′biPyH+ cations are NH+···N bonded into linear chains, and in most [44′biPyH]+A–·xH2O crystals the protons are disordered, similarly as in anisotropic relaxors 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane hydroiodide and hydrobromide (dabcoHI and dabcoHBr, respectively). The proton disorder implies generation of point defects of neutral 44′biPy molecules and [44′biPyH2]2+ dications in all these structures. In all [44′biPyH]+A– structures investigated, the acid anions are hydrogen bonded to water molecules and interact with pyridine hydrogen atoms. Two polymorphs of [44′biPyH]+I–·H2O differ in color: the orthorhombic polymorph α is yellow, and the triclinic polymorph β is orange.