Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a disease that involves neurodegeneration and is characterised by the motor symptoms which include muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia. Other non-motor symptoms include pain, depression, anxiety, and psychosis. This disease affects up to ten million people worldwide. The pathophysiology behind PD is due to the neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. There are many conventional drugs used in the treatment of PD. However, there are limitations associated with conventional drugs. For instance, levodopa is associated with the on-off phenomenon, and it may induce wearing off as time progresses. Therefore, this review aimed to analyze the newly approved drugs by the United States-Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) from 2016–2019 as the adjuvant therapy for the treatment of PD symptoms in terms of efficacy and safety. The new drugs include safinamide, istradefylline and pimavanserin. From this review, safinamide is considered to be more efficacious and safer as the adjunct therapy to levodopa as compared to istradefylline in controlling the motor symptoms. In Study 016, both safinamide 50 mg (p = 0.0138) and 100 mg (p = 0.0006) have improved the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III score as compared to placebo. Improvement in Clinical Global Impression—Change (CGI-C), Clinical Global Impression—Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and off time were also seen in both groups of patients following the morning levodopa dose. Pimavanserin also showed favorable effects in ameliorating the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease Psychosis (PDP). A combination of conventional therapy and non-pharmacological treatment is warranted to enhance the well-being of PD patients.
Highlights
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), World Health organization (WHO), US Food & Drug Administration, and UpToDate websites searched for the latest reports, guidelines, approved drugs, etc
This study reported that the lowest possible dose of quetiapine can be added afterward in treating resistant, residual, or newly emerging psychotic symptoms [1]
This review provides an introduction to the efficacy and safety of all old drugs and new drugs approved from 2016–2019 in treating Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
Summary
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder commonly presenting with symptoms of muscle rigidity, instability, tremor, bradykinesia (slow in movement), and lack of coordination [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Sleep disturbance, psychosis, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and cognitive decline patients aged 40 and above [1,2,4,5,6,9]. All these PD symptoms have significant effects on the quality of life (QOL) of the patients as they feel deteriorating of their own physical functioning. A sense of being deprived of one’s self-worth, feeling isolated in society, speech problems are always the problems faced by a PD patient
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