Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Estimate a Reference Range for Circulating Ionized Magnesium Concentrations in Adult Populations

Abstract

BackgroundThere is a lack of consensus on a reference range for ionized magnesium (iMg2+) in blood as a measure of the status of circulating iMg2+ for the screening of populations. ObjectivesWe estimated the reference range of iMg2+ levels for healthy adult populations and the ranges for populations with cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and renal disease. We also estimated 95% ranges for circulating magnesium (Mg) in healthy and those with cardiometabolic diseases. MethodsWe searched Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase through 24 July, 2020 to identify articles. We included English, peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies that measured iMg2+ in blood or circulating Mg at baseline. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020216100). Estimated ranges were calculated by employing a frequentist random-effects model using extracted (or calculated) means and SDs from each included study. We determined the 95% confidence interval of the pooled mean. ResultsA total of 95 articles were included with 53 studies having data for healthy participants and 42 studies having data for participants with cardiometabolic diseases. The estimated reference range for iMg2+ for healthy populations was 0.40–0.68 mmol/L, 0.38–0.64 mmol/L for CVD, 0.34–0.66 mmol/L for type 2 diabetes, 0.39–1.04 mmol/L for hypertension, and 0.40–0.76 mmol/L for renal disease. For circulating Mg, the estimated range was 0.72–1.0 mmol/L for healthy adults, 0.56–1.05 mmol/L for CVD, 0.58–1.14 mmol/L for type 2 diabetes, 0.60–1.08 mmol/L for hypertension, and 0.59–1.26 mmol/L for renal disease. ConclusionsEstimated reference ranges for cardiometabolic disease states for both iMg2+ and circulating Mg were broad and overlapped with the estimated range for healthy populations (0.40–0.68 mmol/L). Further studies should evaluate whether iMg2+ can be used as a biomarker of cardiometabolic disease.