Abstract
BackgroundDue to the increasing evidence of their health benefits, whole grains are recommended for consumption worldwide. Such recommendations are, however, rarely quantitative. Our aim was to perform a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between whole grain consumption and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to support a recommendation on the daily consumption of whole grains.Methods and FindingsWe conducted a systematic review by searching three bibliographic databases. We included human studies addressing the relationship between whole grain consumption and T2D occurrence, and providing quantitative information on daily intake of whole grains. A dose-response meta-regression analysis between whole grain intake and T2D occurrence was performed, using a hierarchical mixed least square linear regression model. Eight observational studies were included (all but one prospective), with a total of 15,573 cases of T2D among 316,051 participants. Quantitative meta-regression demonstrated a significant linear inverse relationship between whole grain intake and T2D occurrence (P<0.0001), with an overall absolute reduction of 0.3% in the T2D rate for each additional 10 g of whole grain ingredient consumed daily. The association persisted when adjusted on sex, age, country, study design, follow up duration, and mode of report of whole grain intakes (as foods or ingredients).ConclusionsThe meta-regression model made it possible to estimate the decrease in T2D risk corresponding to various changes in whole grain intakes, and the results contribute to setting up quantitative recommendations. For instance, consuming three servings of whole grain foods (45 g of whole grain ingredients) daily would induce a 20% relative reduction in the T2D risk as compared to consuming a half serving (7.5 g of whole grain ingredients). These results should be considered for future recommendations, by considering the actual whole grain intake of the concerned populations. The systematic review protocol was published on the PROSPERO register (CRD42013006925).
Highlights
There is increasing evidence that consuming whole grains may reduce the risk of several chronic diseases
The meta-regression model made it possible to estimate the decrease in type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk corresponding to various changes in whole grain intakes, and the results contribute to setting up PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone
Observational studies suggest that a diet rich in whole grain foods reduces the risks of type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1,2] and cardiovascular diseases [2,3], and has a beneficial impact on body weight [4] and mortality [5]
Summary
There is increasing evidence that consuming whole grains may reduce the risk of several chronic diseases. Quantitative recommendations for the intake of whole grain ingredients that would give some practical guidance to consumers are rare today and vary widely from country to country (from 50 g/d in China to 115 g/d in the Netherlands) [9]. Such quantitative recommendations would be important for Public Health purposes and should be based on the overall available evidence to support the beneficial health effects of whole grains in humans. Due to the increasing evidence of their health benefits, whole grains are recommended for consumption worldwide Our aim was to perform a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between whole grain consumption and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to support a recommendation on the daily consumption of whole grains
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