Abstract
Blockchain technology is fast becoming the most transformative technology of recent times and has created hype and optimism, gaining much attention from the public and private sectors. It has been widely deployed in decentralized crypto currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Bitcoin is the success story of a public blockchain application that propelled intense research and development into blockchain technology. However, scalability remains a crucial challenge. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum are encountering low-efficiency issues with low throughput, high transaction latency, and huge energy consumption. The scalability issue in public Blockchains is hindering the provision of optimal solutions to businesses and industries. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the public blockchain scalability issue and challenges. The scope of this SLR includes an in-depth investigation into the scalability problem of public blockchain, associated fundamental factors, and state-of-art solutions. This project managed to extract 121 primary papers from major scientific databases such as Scopus, IEEE explores, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The synthesis of these 121 articles revealed that scalability in public blockchain is not a singular term. A variety of factors are allied to it, with transaction throughput being the most discussed factor. In addition, other interdependent vita factors include storages, block size, number of nodes, energy consumption, latency, and cost. Generally, each term is somehow directly or indirectly reliant on the consensus model embraced by the blockchain nodes. It is also noticed that the contemporary available consensus models are not efficient in scalability and thus often fail to provide good QoS (throughput and latency) for practical industrial applications. Our findings exemplify that the Internet of Things (IoT) would be the leading application of blockchain in industries such as energy, finance, resource management, healthcare, education, and agriculture. These applications are, however, yet to achieve much-desired outcomes due to scalability issues. Moreover, Onchain and offchain are the two major categories of scalability solutions. Sagwit, block size expansion, sharding, and consensus mechanisms are examples of onchain solutions. Offchain, on the other hand, is a lighting network.
Highlights
Many online transactions between individuals or organizations are based on a centralized controlled system
Public blockchain scalability is fast becoming an active research topic in academia and in industries, where many sectors are trying to adopt the blockchain in their practical applications
We found that scalability is not a singular term
Summary
Many online transactions between individuals or organizations are based on a centralized controlled system (or controlled by a third-party organization). The third-party vendor takes a fee for every successful transaction. In this centralized mechanism, the third-party controls and manages almost all the information of the stakeholders that are involved in the online transaction. The third-party controls and manages almost all the information of the stakeholders that are involved in the online transaction This approach requires the third party to uphold the transaction’s security. Blockchain technology had been restricted t and Ethereum) public blockchains settings. Scalability is found to be menting public blockchains in many real business env oifr2o7 nmen has not been well-defined in the literature. Intgiemneeral,dsceallaabiylitsy h(atshneot baeevnerage well-defined in the literature
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