Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is considered to be the hallmark of the resistance response of plants to pathogens. To study HR-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we used plants that express both a resistance gene to Cladosporium fulvum and the matching avirulence gene of this pathogen. In these plants, massive reprogramming occurred, and we found that the HR and associated processes are highly energy demanding. Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, hydrolysis of sugars, and lipid catabolism are used as alternative sources of amino acids, energy, and carbon skeletons, respectively. We observed strong accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Coregulated expression of WRKY transcription factors and genes known to be involved in the HR, in addition to a strong enrichment of the W-box WRKY-binding motif in the promoter sequences of the coregulated genes, point to WRKYs as the most prominent orchestrators of the HR. Our study has revealed several novel HR-related genes, and reverse genetics tools will allow us to understand the role of each individual component in the HR.
Highlights
The hypersensitive response (HR) is considered to be the hallmark of the resistance response of plants to pathogens
The interaction between tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and the biotrophic extracellular fungus Cladosporium fulvum is a model pathosystem that is characterized as a typical gene-for-gene interaction, in which C. fulvum resistance proteins (Cf) of tomato mediate the specific recognition of avirulence factors (Avrs) of the fungus
Our analysis revealed that the induction and execution of the HR is the outcome of the synergistic or antagonistic effects of a number of intertwined cellular and biochemical processes
Summary
The hypersensitive response (HR) is considered to be the hallmark of the resistance response of plants to pathogens. To study HR-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we used plants that express both a resistance gene to Cladosporium fulvum and the matching avirulence gene of this pathogen. The interaction between tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and the biotrophic extracellular fungus Cladosporium fulvum is a model pathosystem that is characterized as a typical gene-for-gene interaction, in which C. fulvum resistance proteins (Cf) of tomato mediate the specific recognition of Avrs of the fungus (de Wit and Joosten, 1999; Rivas and Thomas, 2005; Thomma et al, 2005) In this interaction, the HR is one of the distinctive responses of resistant tomato plants to avirulent strains of The DS enable us to synchronize and amplify the responses associated with the HR
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