Abstract
Detailed geotechnical characterization and in-depth liquefaction assessment using seismic effective stress analyses are presented for 55 liquefaction case histories (sites) from Christchurch. Fifteen of the sites manifested liquefaction in the two major earthquakes during the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes (YY-sites), while 17 sites did not manifest liquefaction in either event (NN-sites). The YY- and NN-sites are shown to have practically identical critical layer characteristics, with low CPT tip resistance (qc1Ncs = 80–86), and shallow location of the critica.l layer at approximately 2 m depth. However, there are significant differences between the YY- and NN-sites with regard to their deposit characteristics including the thickness and vertical continuity of their critical zones and liquefiable materials.Effective stress analyses are used to demonstrate key mechanisms of system-response of liquefying deposits that either intensify (for the YY-sites) or mitigate (for the NN-sites) liquefaction manifestation at the ground surface. The study illustrates the need to consider system-response of liquefying soils in the assessment of liquefaction manifestation and severity of liquefaction-induced damage.
Highlights
System response refers to the consideration of the soil deposit as a system of layers interacting with each other in their dynamic response and through pore water pressure redistribution and water flow [1].The present study examines key factors affecting the triggering of system response mechanisms and their contribution to liquefaction-induced damage
The activation of each of these mechanisms depends on the overall configuration of the soil profile and the intensity of shaking
System response mechanisms often play a key role in the severity of liquefaction manifestation and associated damage [1]; so when certain conditions with respect to soil profile and intensity of shaking are satisfied
Summary
System response refers to the consideration of the soil deposit as a system of layers interacting with each other in their dynamic response (e.g. liquefaction effects on the ground motion) and through pore water pressure redistribution and water flow (e.g. seepage effects) [1]. The present study examines key factors affecting the triggering of system response mechanisms and their contribution to liquefaction-induced damage
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