System Planning of Grid-Connected Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Key Technologies: A Review

Chao-Tsung Ma

doi:10.3390/en12214201

Abstract

The optimal planning of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (ECSs) with advanced control algorithms is very important to accelerate the development of EVs, which is a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The large and fluctuant load currents of ECSs can bring negative impacts to both EV-related power converters and power distribution systems if the energy flow is not regulated properly. Recent review papers related to EVs found in open literature have mainly focused on the design of power converter-based chargers and power interfaces, analyses of power quality (PQ) issues, the development of wireless charging techniques, etc. There is currently no review paper that focuses on key technologies in various system configurations, optimal energy management and advanced control issues in practical applications. To compensate for this insufficiency and provide timely research directions, this paper reviews 143 previously published papers related to the aforementioned topics in recent literature including 17 EV-related review papers found in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)/Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) (IEEE/IET) Electronic Library (IEL) and ScienceDirect OnSite (SDOS) databases. In this paper, existing system configurations, related design methods, algorithms and key technologies for ECSs are systematically reviewed. Based on discussions given in the reviewed papers, the most popular ECS configuration is a hybrid system design that integrates renewable energy (RE)-based power generation (REBPG), various energy storage systems (ESSs), and utility grids. It is noteworthy that the addition of an ESS with properly designed control algorithms can simultaneously buffer the fast, fluctuant power demand during charging, smooth the intermittent power generation of REBPG, and increase the overall efficiency and operating flexibility of ECSs. In addition, verifying the significance of the flexibility and possible profits that portable ESSs provide in ECS networks is a potential research theme in ECS fields, in which the potential applications of portable ESSs in the grid-tied ECSs are numerous and could cover a full technical spectrum.

Highlights

With the continuous growth of environmental concerns, countries around the world have developed various emission standards for carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides
This paper has reviewed a total of 143 electric vehicle (EV)- and electricfor vehicle chargingnew stations (ECSs)-related technical research papers including nine papers for background and general information, 17 subject-oriented review papers, and 117 research papers previously published in open literature
Reviewed ECS-related papers were categorized into four types according to the investigated system configurations: (1) grid-tied ECSs without renewable energy (RE)-based power generation and energy storage systems (ESSs); (2) grid-tied ECSs with only ESSs; (3) grid-tied ECSs with RE-based power generation; and (4) grid-tied ECSs with both RE-based power generation and ESSs

Summary

Introduction

With the continuous growth of environmental concerns, countries around the world have developed various emission standards for carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides In this context, electric vehicle (EVs), which mainly rely on electricity, have the opportunity to replace conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in the near future by utilizing the-state-of-art power electronics, motor drives, energy storage technologies, renewable energy-based power generation, and smart grids; they may help decarbonizing the transportation industry. Mainly stored in ESSs to reduce the impact of instant and irregular high-current charging loads on In this technology, BESSs can allow for the integration of higher REBPG, which have unpredictable the grid. HEVs actively communicate with the power grid to provide demand response services mainly by storage capabilities in the V2G system can enable EVs or HEVs to smooth the fluctuating power returning real power.