Abstract
The world today is plagued with problems of increased transmission and distribution (T&D) losses leading to poor reliability due to power outages and an increase in the expenditure on electrical infrastructure. To address these concerns, technology has evolved to enable the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) like solar, wind, diesel and biomass energy into small scale self-governing power system zones which are known as micro-grids (MGs). A de-centralised approach for modern power grid systems has led to an increased focus on distributed energy resources and demand response. MGs act as complete power system units albeit on a small scale. However, this does not prevent them from large operational sophistication allowing their independent functioning in both grid-connected and stand-alone modes. MGs provide greater reliability as compared to the entire system owing to the large amount of information secured from the bulk system. They comprise numerous sources like solar, wind, diesel along with storage devices and converters. Several modeling schemes have been devised to reduce the handling burden of large scale systems. This paper gives a detailed review of MGs and their architecture, state space representation of wind energy conversion systems & solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, operating modes and power management in a MG and its impact on a distribution network.
Highlights
The critical dependence of today’s society on a secure supply of energy is well known.The heightening worries for the accessibility of primary energy and the ever mellowing infrastructure of the present transmission and distribution (T&D) networks pose a continuous threat to security, reliability and standard of power supplied
This paper presents an exhaustive literature review regarding the state space modeling and power management aspects of MGs besides detailing their impact on a distribution system
This manuscript reveals the performance of a MG on a distribution network irrespective of its modes of operation
Summary
The critical dependence of today’s society on a secure supply of energy is well known. The heightening worries for the accessibility of primary energy and the ever mellowing infrastructure of the present transmission and distribution (T&D) networks pose a continuous threat to security, reliability and standard of power supplied. The generating capacity of CGSs to meet the growing global demand for energy is severely limited. This has given a massive push to alternatives called as renewable energy sources (RES) which include energy from solar, wind and biomass sources. The setup of RES integrated in a distribution system is commonly referred to as distributed generation (DG). DG is typically installed at medium voltage (MV) and high voltage (HV)
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