System approach to biomechanics of paretic gait controlled by subcutaneous electrical stimulation

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ball size on reaction time (from ball projection to initial racket movement), movement time (from ball projection to ball-racket impact), mean rectified acceleration and vibration frequency of the racket during the impact phase (100 ms duration after ball-racket impact) of the tennis volley. Twenty-nine beginning to intermediate level tennis players performed volleys under 18 experimental conditions including variations in lateral contact location (forehand and backhand), ball type (Penn oversize, Wilson oversize, regular size), and ball speed (fast, medium, slow). A ball machine was shielded so that the subjects could not predict the ball trajectory before it was released from the machine. Outcome measures were determined using a miniature uni-axial accelerometer and a Photogate timing device. ANOVA with repeated measures and Tukey's post hoc tests were used in statistical analysises (p<.025). The reaction times for the fast speed were significantly shorter than the corresponding times for the slow speed and the reaction times for the forehand volley were significantly shorter than that of the backhand volley. The significant interaction in movement time between ball speed and ball type indicates that the benefits of the larger ball (to slow the game down) increase as the ball speed increases. No significant effect of ball type or ball speed, or interactions were found on mean rectified acceleration and vibration frequency. These results suggest that oversized balls would not cause an increased load to the hitting arm while executing a tennis volley.