Abstract
The analysis of scientific and technical information about the hardening features of steel castings, which lead to the formation of shrinkage defects is presented. The mechanisms of the relationship of the casting properties of alloys are shown. The analysis of factors that determine fluidity is carried out. The technological parameters of casting are determined, which lead to the formation of pores in steel castings. The mechanisms of porosity formation of endogenous and exogenous nature are considered. Siverts law is given, that describes the dependence of gas concentration on pressure. Graphs of changes in the concentration of nitrogen and hydrogen in the pressure range 1 - 4 atm are given for medium alloyed steel, open-hearth steel, cast iron. The mechanism of the influence of temperature and gas pressure on the process of gas evolution in the melt is analyzed. Technological methods for influencing the solubility of gases during the solidification of the casting are described. The microporosity model of Advanced Porosity Module, the Niyama criterion are analyzed. The need for further studies to develop a general model for the formation of shrinkage defects, which will take into account, inter alia, the dependence of the concentration of gases dissolved in the metal on pressure temperature, is noted.
Highlights
It is known that mechanical engineering invariably occupies one of the leading places in the structure of goods manufacture of all industrially developed countries of the world
The increasing attention of scientists and practitioners is attracting questions related to the improvement of existing and the development of new mathematical models that provide an adequate description of the processes that occur in castings during solidification in a mold
The models of porosity formation under conditions of external influence on the melt in the mold are of the greatest relevance [4, 5]
Summary
It is known that mechanical engineering invariably occupies one of the leading places in the structure of goods manufacture of all industrially developed countries of the world. A feature of such technological schemes is, first of all, the mandatory availability of additional rather sophisticated equipment, which entails a rise in the cost of the process of developing new technologies and improving existing ones. The increasing attention of scientists and practitioners is attracting questions related to the improvement of existing and the development of new mathematical models that provide an adequate description of the processes that occur in castings during solidification in a mold. In this case, the models of porosity formation under conditions of external influence on the melt in the mold are of the greatest relevance [4, 5]
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