Abstract
Automobile dependency and the inexorable proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) compels accurate predictions of cycle life across multiple usage conditions and for multiple lithium-ion battery systems. Synthetic driving cycles have been essential in accumulating data on EV battery lifetimes. However, since battery deterioration is path-dependent, the representability of synthetic cycles must be questioned. Hence, this work compared three different synthetic driving cycles to real driving data in terms of mimicking actual EV battery degradation. It was found that the average current and charge capacity during discharge were important parameters in determining the appropriate synthetic profile, and traffic conditions have a significant impact on cell lifetimes. In addition, a stage of accelerated capacity fade was observed and shown to be induced by an increased loss of lithium inventory (LLI) resulting from irreversible Li plating. New metrics, the ratio of the loss of active material at the negative electrode (LAMNE) to the LLI and the plating threshold, were proposed as possible predictors for a stage of accelerated degradation. The results presented here demonstrated tracking properties, such as capacity loss and resistance increase, were insufficient in predicting cell lifetimes, supporting the adoption of metrics based on the analysis of degradation modes.
Highlights
Because of its isolation, Hawai’i has been on the forefront of the sustainable energy movement, as evidenced by the Hawai’i Clean Energy Initiative, which endeavors to have 100% clean energy both on the grid and in all ground transportation by 2045
Reaching that goal will involve more renewable energy sources being incorporated into the grid and more electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads
Itit determined determined whether synthetic driving cycles were representative of real driving
Summary
Hawai’i has been on the forefront of the sustainable energy movement, as evidenced by the Hawai’i Clean Energy Initiative, which endeavors to have 100% clean energy both on the grid and in all ground transportation by 2045. What gets lost is how this integration, combination, and escalation in use will affect the durability of lithium-ion batteries that are essential to the efficacy of both. Battery degradation is path-dependent [1]. Several synthetic driving profiles were proposed in the literature to determine the range and durability of EV batteries, but a comparison with the real degradation upon driving was, to the best of our knowledge, never reported. Knowing the path dependency of degradation, it is essential to determine how well these profiles simulate typical real-world driving behavior
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