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Abstract
Allopolyploidy generates diversity by increasing the number of copies and sources of chromosomes. Many of the best-known evolutionary radiations, crops, and industrial organisms are ancient or recent allopolyploids. Allopolyploidy promotes differentiation and facilitates adaptation to new environments, but the tools to test its limits are lacking. Here we develop an iterative method of Hybrid Production (iHyPr) to combine the genomes of multiple budding yeast species, generating Saccharomyces allopolyploids of at least six species. When making synthetic hybrids, chromosomal instability and cell size increase dramatically as additional copies of the genome are added. The six-species hybrids initially grow slowly, but they rapidly regain fitness and adapt, even as they retain traits from multiple species. These new synthetic yeast hybrids and the iHyPr method have potential applications for the study of polyploidy, genome stability, chromosome segregation, and bioenergy.
Highlights
Allopolyploidy generates diversity by increasing the number of copies and sources of chromosomes
Despite the decreased fitness of newly generated polyploids[9], experimental evolution assays in S. cerevisiae and comparisons of the genomes of industrial Saccharomyces interspecies hybrids have shown that they return to high fitness through the generation of aneuploidies, chromosomal rearrangements, and loss-of-heterozygosity[10,11]
Hybrids of six yeast species can be generated with iterative method of Hybrid Production (iHyPr). iHyPr allowed us to experimentally test the limits of chromosome biology and allopolyploidy by constructing a series of higherorder interspecies hybrids (Supplementary Fig. 1)
Summary
Allopolyploidy generates diversity by increasing the number of copies and sources of chromosomes. Many of the best-known evolutionary radiations, crops, and industrial organisms are ancient or recent allopolyploids. Allopolyploidy promotes differentiation and facilitates adaptation to new environments, but the tools to test its limits are lacking. We develop an iterative method of Hybrid Production (iHyPr) to combine the genomes of multiple budding yeast species, generating Saccharomyces allopolyploids of at least six species. The six-species hybrids initially grow slowly, but they rapidly regain fitness and adapt, even as they retain traits from multiple species. These new synthetic yeast hybrids and the iHyPr method have potential applications for the study of polyploidy, genome stability, chromosome segregation, and bioenergy. SCRaMbLE is currently only available in single, partly synthetic S. cerevisiae strain, limiting the genomic diversity that can be explored
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