Abstract
The increasing fossil fuel scarcity has led to an urgent need to develop alternative fuels. One of the most promising alternatives to petroleum for the production of fuels is microbial production. Yeasts are highly efficient producer of bioethanol with several superior traits over bacterial counterparts. Tools of synthetic biology has revolutionised the field of microbial cell factories especially in the case of ethanol and fatty acid production. Era of yeast synthetic biology began with the well-studied industrial work horse Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite many highly beneficial traits like ethanol tolerance, thermotolerance, inhibitor tolerance, genetic diversity, non-conventional yeast has for synthetic biology, it currently lags behind Sachharomyces cerevisiae in the number of synthetic networks that have been described. Currently synthetic biology is slowly widening to the non-conventional yeasts like Hansenula polymorpha, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia pastoris and Yarrowia lipolytica. Here we review basic synthetic biology tools that we can apply to non-conventional yeasts. Moreover we discuss how metabolic engineering and synthetic biology tools can be applied in nonconventional yeasts for improved biofuel production.
Highlights
The price for non-renewable fuels as well as the level of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing constantly
Synthetic biology is the fusion of biological parts and designs which evolved from the huge data of transcriptomics, proteomics, Non-Conventional Yeast Metabolic Engineering Approach metabolomics, and fluxomics that lead to the design of novel synthetic circuits (Peralta-Yahya et al, 2012; Nielsen, 2015)
Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering techniques have been widely used in Escherichia coli, S. cerevisiae, and Zymomonas mobilis to enhance ethanol production (Chubukov et al, 2016)
Summary
The price for non-renewable fuels as well as the level of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing constantly. The present review addresses the current status of essential synthetic biology tools being applied to construct synthetic circuits in yeast and how these techniques can be applicable to non-conventional yeast system in order to efficiently engineer them for improving biofuel production. The availability of superior quality genome sequences in public domain (Ramezani-Rad et al, 2003; Sherman et al, 2009), development of transformation vectors, gene transformation strategies (Faber et al, 1994), and metabolic engineering tools may change this scenario Each of these organisms presents with different advantages, similarities, and differences when compared with S. cerevisiae. The main obstacle of non-conventional yeast genetic modification is its non-homologous end-joining pathway compared to S. cerevisiae which favors homologous recombination This results in the ectopic integration of targeted constructs which hampers synthetic biology applications (Vogl et al, 2013). This section focuses on the characterized promoters from different non-conventional and previously attempted metabolic engineering strategies and its future implications in biofuel production using synthetic biology tools
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