Synthesis, structure investigation and future prospects of transition metal oxides/carbon cloth hybrids as flexible binder-free anode materials for lithium- ion batteries

Abstract

• Binder-free hybrid electrode materials were formed by non-stationary electrolysis. • Main phases (Mo 4 O 11 , MoO 3 MoO 2 , Mo 8 O 23 , Mo 9 O 26 , WO 2 , MnO 2 ) were confirmed by TEM. • The binder-free hybrid electrode materials exhibited high charge/discharge capacity. Transition Metal Oxides/Carbon Cloth Hybrids were synthesized by electrochemical method using non-stationary electrolysis. The morphology and surface structure of the developed hybrids were studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. According to X-ray spectral microanalysis, the main elements of hybrid oxide coatings are Mo, Co, Fe, Mn, W. The charge state of elements in the surface layer of a hybrid oxide coating was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and it was found that oxygen is sufficient for the oxidation of metals to higher oxides. Molybdenum is oxidized mainly to the state of +6, iron to +2 and +3, manganese is not lower than +3. The calculation of electronograms showed that the most probable phases of the obtained material are a mixture of molybdenum oxides Mo 4 O 11 , MoO 3 , MoO 2 , Mo 8 O 23 , Mo 9 O 26 , tungsten and manganese dioxide WO 2 and MnO 2 , respectively.