Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common pathogens causing a variety of respiratory, ocular and gastrointestinal diseases. To accomplish their efficient replication, HAdVs take an advantage of viral small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), which have multiple roles during the virus lifecycle. Three of the best-characterized HAdV sncRNAs; VA RNA, mivaRNA and MLP-TSS-sRNA will be discussed in the present review. Even though VA RNA has been extensively characterized during the last 60 years, this multifunctional molecule continues to surprise us as more of its structural secrets unfold. Likely, the recent developments on mivaRNA and MLP-TSS-sRNA synthesis and function highlight the importance of these sncRNA in virus replication. Collectively, we will summarize the old and new knowledge about these three viral sncRNAs with focus on their synthesis, structure and functions.
Highlights
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common pathogens causing a variety of respiratory, ocular and gastrointestinal diseases
We use VA RNA to describe both VA RNAI and VA RNAII, whereas if a particular feature applies to a specific VA RNA, we indicate it
Elimination of the Dicer protein by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or shRNA approaches enhanced accumulation of full-length VA RNA, inhibited eIF2α phosphorylation and elevated virus replication whereas transient overexpression of Dicer results in an inhibition of HAdV-5 replication [86]. These results indicate that Dicer may function as an anti-viral protein by executing its negative effect on virus growth via VA RNA cleavage
Summary
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common pathogens causing a variety of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and ocular diseases in humans [1,2] In addition to their pathogenicity, HAdVs have gained a lot of attention as the experimental tools to study various molecular biology mechanisms and as the robust therapeutic tools suitable for disease treatment and prevention. Extensive cell biology and biochemistry studies using HAdV infections or HAdV-encoded proteins/RNAs have revealed the molecular mechanisms involved in anti-viral immune responses, virus uptake, mRNA processing, DNA replication and protein degradation [3]. This basic molecular virology knowledge has been instrumental to design genetically modified adenoviruses for therapeutic purposes. RNAs, which can control the efficiency of virus replication [11,12,13]
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