Abstract
Using introduction of MoO42− and Fe3+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ into amphiphilic polymers (DN) via an ion-exchange reaction, different transition metal complexes, as retardants and smoke suppressants, including (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo were synthesized. Combined with the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it could be determined that ionic bonding of these ions with DN occurred. Subsequently, the influence of flame-retardant, smoke-suppression, and mechanical properties of (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo on polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) were tested. It was demonstrated that transition metal complexes of three metal elements, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo, showed better flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal stability as confirmed by microcalorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests, in which Cu(DN)Mo worked best due to the Lewis acid mechanism and reductive coupling mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the addition of (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo promoted the formation of a dense carbon layer on the PVC surface during combustion, which could protect the interior PVC. The addition of these transition metal complexes hardly impaired the mechanical properties of PVC.
Highlights
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most commonly used thermoplastics and is widely applied in the fields of furniture, building materials, textiles, and transportation due to excellent mechanical properties, good chemical resistance, superior electrical insulation, and low price [1,2,3,4]
Nitrogen-based flame retardants tend to produce NH3, N2, NxOy, and H2O during combustion, which can reduce the concentration of oxygen and the surface temperature of polymers, and exhibit superior flame retardancy [11]
It was reported that metal elements such as iron, zinc, and copper possess the ability of smoke suppression, and these metal elements have a mutual promotion effect with molybdenum in smoke suppression [13]
Summary
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most commonly used thermoplastics and is widely applied in the fields of furniture, building materials, textiles, and transportation due to excellent mechanical properties, good chemical resistance, superior electrical insulation, and low price [1,2,3,4]. The effect of (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo on flame retardancy, smoke suppression, compatibility, and mechanical properties of PVC were further tested. Mechanical Properties Impact strength of samples in the dimensions of 80 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm was tested according to the GB/T1043.1-2008 standard using an electronic impact tester (GT-7045MDL, GTS systems co., Ltd., Dongguan, China). Flexural strength of PVC composites samples in the dimensions of 80 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm was tested using an electronic tensile tester (GMT6130, MTS systems Co., Ltd., Eden Prairie, MN, USA) according to the procedure of the GB/T 9341-2008 standard. An average value from a minimum of five test specimens were report together with standard deviations
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