Abstract
Biogenic methods of synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts have been given a great attention due to its nontoxicity and environmental friendliness. In this study, TiO2 NPs were synthesized from titanium tetrabutoxide and extract of root of Kniphofia foliosa. NPs of TiO2 were biosynthesized at different volume compositions of titanium tetrabutoxide to the plant extract with a ratio of 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1, respectively. These green synthesized NPs of TiO2 were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. TGA/DTA analysis has confirmed that the synthesized NPs of TiO2 were stable above the temperature of 500°C. The sharp and intense peaks at 2θ values of 25.3, 38.0, 47.9, 53.2, 54.8862, 62.7, 70.2, and 75.0 have confirmed formation of crystalline NPs of TiO2 in the sample of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 ratios, and less crystalline samples for TiO2 NPs prepared in a 1 : 2 ratio. Comparison between FT-IR absorption bands of the plant extract and that of calcined NPs of TiO2 confirmed the purity of synthesized nanomaterials, except unavoidable adsorption of moisture on the surface of TiO2 NPs in an open air. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized TiO2 NPs and that of ethanolic root extract of Kniphofia foliosa was investigated via the disc diffusion method against human pathogen bacteria strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Among the different ratios, TiO2 (1 : 1) NP shows better performance towards Gram-negative bacteria due to its smaller average crystalline size and uniform morphology observed in SEM image relative to the other two ratios of TiO2 NPs. Antibacterial activity of the ethanolic root extract of Kniphofia foliosa itself showed better performance towards Gram-negative bacteria than NPs of TiO2 that might be due to antibacterial activity of residue of ethanol left with the plant extract.
Highlights
The development of reliable experimental protocols for the synthesis of nanoparticles over a range of chemical compositions, sizes, and high monodispersity is one of the challenging issues in the current nanotechnology [1].Synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is a current field of material chemistry that has been attracted considerable interest due to the applications in vast fields such as in air and water purification, medicine, antimicrobial, information technology, photocatalytic, antimicrobial, energy reservoirs, and biosensors
Leaf extracts of Artemisia vulgaris [4] and aerial parts of Callistemon citrinus plant extracts [5] were used in the synthesis of silver NPs for antibacterial and antimalarial applications, respectively
TiO2 NPs were biosynthesized in different volume ratios by using 0.4 M of the precursor salt and ethanolic root extract of Kniphofia foliosa in a separate
Summary
The development of reliable experimental protocols for the synthesis of nanoparticles over a range of chemical compositions, sizes, and high monodispersity is one of the challenging issues in the current nanotechnology [1]. Leaf extracts of Artemisia vulgaris [4] and aerial parts of Callistemon citrinus plant extracts [5] were used in the synthesis of silver NPs for antibacterial and antimalarial applications, respectively Towards this end, TiO2 NPs were more useful in the field of chemistry and nanomedicine as a result of their unique antibacterial and antimicrobial properties as well as their chemical stability. Plant extracts may act both as reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and any other metal and metal oxide different NPs. The use of different parts of plants in the biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and their applications holds immense potentials towards the environment. Several different researches were done on the antimicrobial activity of commercially available and chemically synthesized titanium oxide nanoparticles Those methods are not environmentally friendly and at same time not cost effective. The focus of the present study is biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles in different ratios using titanium tetrabutoxide as a precursor and Kniphofia foliosa root extract as a reducing and capping agent and using the different ratios of biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles to investigate its performance on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogen bacteria strains
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