Abstract
Carbon materials and their allotropes have been involved significantly in our daily lives. Zero‐dimensional (0D) fullerenes, one‐dimensional (1D) carbon materials, and two‐dimensional (2D) graphene materials have distinctive properties and thus received immense attention from the early 2000s. To meet the growing demand for these materials in applications like energy storage, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, the special category, i.e., three‐dimensional (3D) structures assembled from graphene sheets, has been developed. Graphene oxide is a chemically altered graphene, the desired building block for 3D graphene matter (i.e., 3D graphene macrostructures). A simple synthesis route and pore morphologies make 3D reduced‐graphene oxide (rGO) a major candidate for the 3D graphene group. To obtain target‐specific 3D rGO, its synthesis mechanism plays an important role. Hence, in this article, we will discuss the general mechanism for 3D rGO synthesis, vital procedures for fabricating advanced 3D rGO, and important aspects controlling the growth of 3D rGO.
Highlights
To meet the growing demand for these materials in applications like energy storage, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, the special category, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) structures assembled from graphene sheets, has been developed
In this article, we will discuss the general mechanism for 3D reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) synthesis, vital procedures for fabricating advanced 3D rGO, and important aspects controlling the growth of 3D rGO
The macroscopic 3D graphene structures can be employed as free-standing units, while the microscopic ones can be turned into arbitrary forms without detailing the restacking issue
Summary
Graphene is a 2D monolayer carbon, one-atom-thick material with superior thermal, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties [1–3]. To become fully aware of the advanced properties of a single graphene sheet, it is important to integrate 2D graphene materials into 3D architectures [7]. Different strategies have been employed to reduce GO, together with swift thermal reduction in inert atmosphere [12, 13]; chemical reduction through series of reducing agents like hydrazine [14, 15], hydroquinone [16], NaBH4 [17], dimethylhydrazine [18], hot alkaline [19], ascorbic acid [20], etc. 3D graphene materials fabricated through various methods show distinctive properties and varying levels of performance for different applications. For tuning advanced 3D graphene structures for specific requirements, it is important to infer the relationship between 3D graphene properties and its performance, the mechanism involved in its formation, and key components determining the properties. The primary focus is on the design considerations, formation principles, and engineering of 3D graphene-based architectures
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