Synthesis of spherical hydroxyapatite granules with interconnected pore channels using camphene emulsion

Abstract

The aim of this study was to fabricate porous spherical hydroxyapatite (HA) granules with interconnected pore channels for use as a bone graft substitute. Various weights of camphene porogen were mixed with nano-sized HA powder (camphene/HA = 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90% w/w) and 10% gelatin aqueous solution then added to the mixture. The water-in-oil emulsion method was employed to obtain spherical-shaped granules, of which those 1000-2000 μm in diameter were selectively classified using a standard sieve set. Thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction were used to determine optimal sintering conditions. The sintered granules were characterized using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), microcomputed tomography, and porosimetry. The pore size and porosity of spherical HA granules increased with the addition of camphene. Granules with a HA/camphene ratio of 90% (HG90) demonstrated macropores (>50 μm) with interconnected pore channels (porosity: 58.49%). In addition, FE-SEM examination of HG90 coated with polycaprolactone showed that the granule may hold promise as a drug delivery carrier. We concluded that these HG90 granules merit consideration as a bone graft substitute or drug delivery carrier in bone tissue engineering.