Abstract
In the present research study, a 2:1 type of smectite clay minerals, namely natural saponite (NSAP) and synthetic saponite (SSAP), was demonstrated for the first time to be controlled drug release host materials for the model drug quinine hydrochloride dihydrate (QU). The popular sol–gel hydrothermal technique was followed for the synthesis of saponite. The QU was ion exchanged and intercalated into an interlayered gallery of synthetic as well as natural saponite matrices. The developed QU-loaded hybrid composite materials along with the pristine materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET) for surface area (SA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterization of material results using DSC, FTIR and PXRD confirmed the presence of saponite clay mineral phases in the original and the synthesized saponite samples. Similarly, the drug-loaded composites confirmed the successful intercalation of QU drug on the natural and synthesized saponite matrices. The oral drug release performance of both nanocomposites along with pure quinine drug was monitored in sequential buffer environments at 37 ± 0.5 °C. These composite hybrid materials showed the superior controlled release of QU in gastric fluid (pH = 1.2) and intestinal fluid (pH = 7.4). QU release was best fitted in the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model and demonstrated a diffusion-controlled release from nanocomposite layered materials. The observed controlled drug release results suggest that the applied natural/synthetic saponite matrices have the potential to provide critical design parameters for the development of bioengineered materials for controlled drug release.
Highlights
The term drug delivery is a pervasive one in pharmaceutical fields, referring to delivering the therapeutic agents in the patient body
The saponite clay with an octahedral sheet consisting of two metal ions incorporated clay was prepared by diluted 40 g of Na2SiO2 by the Pharmaceuticals 2019, 12, 105 addition of 100 mL demineralized water; the 11.9 g of Al [OCH (CH3)2] solution was dissolved in 80 mL 2M NaOH solution
The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of the quinine hydrochloride dihydrate (QU)-loaded natural/synthetic nanocomposites are depicted in Figure 2A–D, and Table 1
Summary
The term drug delivery is a pervasive one in pharmaceutical fields, referring to delivering the therapeutic agents in the patient body. Drug delivery systems are different types of routes manipulated for therapeutic effects in our body, such as oral, topical, transmucosal, parenteral, inhalation, etc. The oral drug delivery system is one of the most preferred routes, and a convenient option among all type of drugs with a broad range of formulation choices such as tablets, capsules, etc. Conventional drug delivery systems produce unacceptable toxicity, reduced efficiency of drug concentration (more concentration or less concentration), and the therapeutic effect can have some side effects on adsorption sites. By controlling the drug delivery manner, there are more advantages at the action site, such as delivering the drug to the target site, maintenance of drug levels within the desired range, reduction of side effects, and improved patient compliance. Better bioavailability, biodegradation, and non-toxic compounds such as polymers, supramolecules, and dendrimers have been employed to improve carriers of drug delivery materials [1,2]
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