Synthesis of polymer-supported Brønsted acid-functionalized Zn–porphyrin complex, knotted with benzimidazolium moiety for photodegradation of azo dyes under visible-light irradiation

Abstract

A polymer-supported Bronsted acid-functionalized Zn–porphyrin complex, knotted with benzimidazolium moiety (PSBAZnPP), has been synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal stability was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and surface morphology and elemental composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDAX). The heterogeneous PSBAZnPP showed high efficacy as a photocatalyst for degradation of azo dyes, such as methyl red (MR), methyl orange (MO) and Congo red (CR), in the presence of visible-light irradiation at ambient condition using atmospheric air/H2O2. The concentration of the dyes was measured by UV–visible spectroscopy, and the degradation of the dyes was confirmed by GC–MS analysis. Further decolorization and degradation of MO were confirmed by using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC). The optimum degradation was achieved by adding 10 mg catalyst for all azo dyes for 60 min in the presence of air. The effect of scavengers was studied to indicate the most active species generated during photocatalysis. PSBAZnPP furnished a good response toward the photodegradation of MR, MO and CR under optimized conditions. Finally, the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation process was suggested. Relevant active species produced in the PSBAZnPP/H2O2 or PSBAZnPP/air system under visible light were recognized by using different types of scavengers, viz. EDTA, p-benzoquinone (PBQ), terephthalic acid (TPA), sodium azide and sodium nitrate, for determination of formation of holes, $${\text{O}}_{2}^{ \cdot }$$, $${\text{OH}}^{ \cdot }$$, $${}^{1}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ and an aqueous electron (e−), respectively. The comparative acidity of the synthesized PSBAZnPP catalyst was measured using UV–Vis and then equated to relations of the Hammett value (H0). The efficiency of catalyst correlates with a considerable proton level required for degradation of organic dyes.