Synthesis of nanocomposite films from wheat gluten matrix and MMT intercalated with different quaternary ammonium salts by way of hydroalcoholic solvent casting

Abstract

Protein-based nanocomposites consisting of wheat gluten matrix (WG) and montmorillonite (MMT) modified with quaternary ammonium salts (QA) were developed by hydroalcoholic solvent casting. A simple clay-modifying method using five QA salts of different molecular lengths composed of 4, 5, 16, 40 and 72 carbon atoms, represented by C 4N, C 5OHN, C 16N, C 40N and C 72N, was used for mineral intercalation. XRD analysis of composites containing Na–MMT, C 16N–MMT, C 40N–MMT, and C 72N–MMT indicated the diffraction peaks corresponding to the interlayer spacing were absent, demonstrating that these particles were significantly dispersed in the WG matrix. Concentration and dispersion of MMT in the WG protein were the main factors affecting on permeability to water vapor P wv through the films. There was a decrease of P wv when either the raw or the modified MMT was added. The more prominent decrease of the P wv was found for dispersed mineral particles, such as C 16N–MMT, C 40N–MMT, and C 72N–MMT.