Synthesis of multi-cavity mesoporous carbon nanospheres through solvent-induced self-assembly: Anode material for sodium-ion batteries with long-term cycle stability

Abstract

Mesoporous carbon nanospheres (MCSs) are extensively employed in energy storage applications due to their ordered pore size, large specific surface area (SSA), and abundant active sites, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance for sodium storage. However, challenges persist in achieving precise structural control and stable synthesis reactions for these MCSs. Additionally, employing MCSs with a larger SSA in sodium storage applications can lead to increased side reactions and potential structural instability. To address these issues, we propose a solvent-induced self-assembly method for obtaining high nitrogen-containing multi-cavity MCSs with reduced SSA. The morphology and SSA of the nanospheres can be precisely adjusted by regulating the reaction time. Introducing an amine-phenol bridging structure into the polymer system significantly bolsters the structural and morphological stability of the mesoporous materials. The performance of these novel nanospheres in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is remarkable, exhibiting excellent sodium storage capability and exceptional ultra-long cycle stability. At a rate of 0.1 A g−1, the nanospheres achieved a high reversible capacity of 252 mAh g−1, and even after 20,000 cycles at 5 A g−1, a specific capacity of 136 mAh g−1 was retained. In summary, our study presents a novel approach for synthesizing mesoporous carbon materials and offers valuable insights for sodium storage research, opening new possibilities for enhancing energy storage applications.