Synthesis of Modulated Dielectric Metasurfaces for Precise Antenna Beamforming

Abstract

This paper presents an end-to-end design method for the synthesis of dielectric metasurfaces with modulated thickness that are able to realize desired radiation patterns in the far field with high precision. The method relies on integral equations and the method of moments to calculate the induced surface and volumetric current densities throughout the metasurface upon a given incident illumination. By avoiding homogenization of the dielectric layer and calculating directly the scattered fields through the method of moments, the near-field and far-field response of the metasurface can be accurately predicted and optimized. In particular, a design example of a modulated dielectric metasurface, fed by a single embedded line source, is presented for the realization of a Chebyshev array pattern with $\ensuremath{-}20$-$\mathrm{dB}$ sidelobe level. Moreover, an externally fed dielectric metasurface performing beam splitting of a normally incident plane wave is designed, three-dimensionally printed and measured, showing two reflected beams at $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, high suppression of specular reflections ($>14\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{dB}$), and satisfactory agreement with the simulated and desired radiation patterns. The proposed design method for beamforming with dielectric metasurfaces can find application in higher frequencies where the use of copper may be problematic due to higher Ohmic losses and fabrication challenges.